Characteristics of antimony ore and prospecting mark

I. Mineral characteristics

Bismuth is known as "green metal" is known, widely used in medicine, cosmetics, industrial pigments, catalysts, flame retardants, electronic ceramics and crystals, the semiconductor cooling device, metallurgical additives, fusible alloy, bismuth base alloy, superconducting , é“‹ batteries and nuclear reactors and other fields.

It is a rare metal element with an average content of 0.17ppm in the earth's crust, close to silver and 13% of tungsten abundance.

In nature, é“‹ exists in both simple and compound states, but it is rare in nature. The vast majority were bismuth sulfides, tellurides, sulfur and mineral salts, copper, platinum group metal intermetallic compounds like mineral output. A major mineral bismuthinite (Bi ₂ S _3), the bubble bismuth (Bi ₂ O _3), diamond bismuth _{(nBi 2 O 3 · mCO 2} · H 2 O), copper bismuth (3Cu ₂ S · 4Bi ₂ S _3), bismuth galena (2PbS · Bi ₂ S).

Naturally, Bismuth, rare in nature, is generally found in high-temperature hydrothermal deposits with low sulfur concentrations, with symbiotic symbiosis with silver, cobalt , nickel , lead and antimony minerals, and a few produced in pegmatite granite . The fresh section of the natural cockroach is slightly yellowish silvery white, and when exposed to the air for too long, a reddish ochre appears. Crystals are rare and often appear as dendritic, flaky, granular or massive aggregates. Shiny silver-white streaks, low hardness (2 ~ 2.5), high specific gravity (9.7 ~ 9.8), a set of complete cleavage for its identification features. Natural cookware is brittle, ductile and malleable, with electrical conductivity and reverse magnetism. The blown tube was analyzed for the film reaction with Bi. Mainly produced in high temperature hydrothermal tungsten- tin deposits, some of which are produced in pegmatite granites, often associated with minerals such as cassiterite, molybdenite , bismuthinite, and wolframite. .

The stibnite, Bismuthinite, Bi ₂ S ₃ ; Bi 81.3%, S 18.7%. Similar to Pb, Cu, Fe, the same type of image substitution; while Pb ^{2 +} replaces Bi ^{3 +} , Cu enters the lattice correspondingly, so that the electricity price can be compensated. It can also be replaced with Sb, Se, and Te, and Sb does not completely replace Bi up to 8.12%, and its variant is called 锑 é“‹ é“‹. Se does not completely replace S up to 9.0%, called selenium bismuth ore; Se content up to 26%, called selenium ore Bi ₂ (Se, S) ₃ . Te may form a telluride and a bismuth sulfide of Bi, which exists as a mechanical mixture. Sometimes it also contains a mixture of As, Au, Ag, and the like. The stibnite crystal is an orthorhombic double-cone crystal. The crystal has a long columnar or needle-like shape along the c-axis. The column mask is longitudinally striped and is double-crystallized according to (110). The aggregates are radioactive, dense, columnar, and needle-like. Tin white (with lead gray), the surface often has a yellow ochre. The streaks are grayish black or lead gray. The metallic luster is stronger than the stibnite. opaque. Cleavage {010} is complete. Hardness 2 to 2.5, specific gravity 6.4 to 6.8, slightly flexible. Mainly in the high-temperature hydrothermal W, Sn, Bi deposits, often filled veins, wolframite, cassiterite, molybdenite, topaz, beryl, arsenopyrite, pyrite and other symbiotic. Under epigenetic conditions, stibnite is easily weathered into oxides or carbonates of bismuth, such as Bihua O ₂ O ₂ and Bi ₂ CO ₃ O ₂ . Its identification characteristics are similar to those of stibnite, which is tin white, with strong luster and no horizontal stripes on the cleavage surface. The difference between the identification and the similar stibnite is that the stibnite has stronger luster and a greater proportion. And the two are different from the reaction of KOH. Although the distribution of stibnite is very wide, there are very few deposits with mining value, which are generally associated components of other metal deposits.

Chromium antimony ore, found in the Lulu Gold Mine in Luonan County, Shaanxi Province. It is a regular microfine crystal micro-aggregate. The size of the columnar small crystal is between 0.005 mm × 0.002 mm and 0.05 mm × 0.025 mm, and the aggregate size is about 0.01 to 0.5 mm. It is orange or yellowish brown, brittle, translucent, streak brownish yellow, diamond shiny, with incomplete cleavage; one axis crystal, positive light, specific gravity 9.8.

The bismuth ore, bismutite, is a basic strontium carbonate, a relatively common bismuth mineral alteration product. Generally, it is a yellow glassy crystal or a soil or shell.

Qi Hua, Bismite, Be ₂ O ₃ , α-BiO ₂ ; Bi 89.68%, O 10.32%. Crystals are rare and usually in the form of massive, powdery, earthy or leaf-like aggregates. Hardness 4.5, specific gravity 9.41, the hardness and specific gravity of the aggregate are reduced (hardness 1 to 2, specific gravity 4.36), cleavage is not, the fracture is not flat, shell-like or earth-like fracture. Light yellow to yellow, light green to olive green or yellow green to green yellow, streaks light yellow to yellow, light green to olive green or yellow green to green yellow, opaque to slightly transparent, thin and transparent, semi-gold shiny, dull luster or earth Glossy. It often contains impurities such as iron and arsenic , and most of them contain cerium carbonate or a mixture of cerium oxide and carbonate. Its shape and color are used as identification features; it is produced in the oxidized zone of strontium-bearing deposits, mainly the products of secondary changes of stibnite, natural strontium and a small amount of bismuth bismuth ore; and bismuth ore, chlorpyrifos (BiOCl), Vanadium ore and other minerals are closely symbiotic.

Other bismuth-containing minerals include: black sapphire gold mine Maldonite, Au ₂ Bi; hexagonal bismuth palladium ore Sobolevskite, PdBi; soft bismuth lead palladium ore (hexagonal lead bismuth palladium) Urvantsevite, Pd (Bi, Pd) ₂ ; , PdBi ₂ ; arsenic palladium ore Palladobismutharsenide, Pd ₂ (As ₂ , Bi); isometric iridium platinum ore Insizwaite, Pt (Bi, Sb) ₂ and the like.

Second, the characteristics of Yankuang resources

Rhodium is a typical rare disperse metal element. Although the independent minerals of strontium are common, they are rarely enriched as independent industrial deposits. Except for Bolivia and Huaiji County in Guangdong Province, there is almost no separate production of antimony deposits. Bismuth mainly associated elements present in the tungsten, tin mines, times for lead zinc ore, copper, molybdenum and gold. Even in associated mines, cesium is not a major product but a by-product in these mines due to its content and yield.

The associated strontium deposits are mainly composed of gas ore deposits, high temperature metasomatic deposits, hydrothermal deposits, and associated with lead, zinc, copper, tungsten, molybdenum, tin, gold, iron, silver and other minerals.

The types of common associated strontium deposits are: altered granite type, Yunying rock type, quartz vein type, magnetite-skarn type, sulfide-skarn type and porphyry type.

According to the mineral composition, it can be divided into: stibnite- feldspar type, stibnite-quartz type and stibnite-skarn type.

According to the Mineral Industry Requirements Reference Manual (Revised, 1987), the minimum industrial grade of the independent mineral deposits in Handan is 0.5%.

He Zhouhu et al. (2004) compared the industrial indexes of tungsten, tin and silver. It is suggested to modify the industrial index of the antimony deposit to be: the cut-off grade of Bi is 0.05-0.10%, the lowest industrial grade is 0.10-0.20%, and the average grade of the deposit is 0.30-0.40. %, the comprehensive utilization grade of mineral deposits is 0.045~0.050% (discussion on industrial indicators of antimony deposits, South China Geology and Minerals, 2004, No. 2).

The Changgangling quartz vein type strontium deposit in Yingde, Guangdong Province: the boundary grade of Bi is 0.2%, and the lowest average grade of the block is 0.4%; the cotton-tungsten deposit of cotton soil in Guangdong Province: the cut-off grade (W + Bi) is 0.13%, the block The lowest average grade (W + Bi) is 0.2%.

The magnetite-skarn-type antimony deposit in Shuihuli, Suxian District, Chenzhou, Hunan Province, with a boundary grade of TFe≥20%; Sn 0.2%; Bi ≥0.06%; the lowest industrial grade is Sn 0.23%; Bi≥0.12 %. The Jinchuantang magnetite-shale type bismuth deposit in Suxian District has a cut-off grade of 0.10% for Bi and a minimum industrial grade of 0.20%.

As of 2008, the world's proven reserves of about 400,000 tons, the reserve base is about 700,000 tons. Mainly distributed in China, the United States, Australia, Japan, Bolivia, Mexico, Canada, Peru, South Korea and so on. Japan has had a large amount of strontium minerals in the wild and Mingyanshan lead-zinc and black ore deposits. According to reports in 1989, the strontium reserves were 58,000 tons. However, the geological survey organized by Japan in 1991 re-estimated that its reserves were actually 8,745 tons.

China's resource reserves rank first in the world, mainly in Hunan, Jiangxi, Guangdong, Yunnan and Inner Mongolia, especially in Chenzhou and Weinan in Hunan. According to the data of Hunan's land and resources in 2000, the reserves of preserved plutonium were 322,600 tons, of which the reserves in the persimmon park reached 21.33 million tons (average grade 0.17%). In recent years, the Jinchuantang- Agateshan mining area near the Shizhuyuan, although the total amount of alfalfa resources is not as good as that of the Shizhuyuan mining area, it has many ore points, high grade and good selectivity. The total output of the antimony concentrate is much larger than that of the persimmon garden. The annual output of the antimony metal content of the concentrate is more than 2,000 tons.

In addition to China, there are 18 major producing countries in the world. The main producers are the United States, the Commonwealth of Independent States, Mexico, Peru, Canada and Australia. They all recover base metals from lead, copper and lead-silver concentrates as by-products, South Korea from tungsten concentrates, and only Bolivia mines. In addition, the recovery of hydrazine is mainly extracted from anode mud and smelting dust.

In 1987, the world's fine production was about 4,400 tons, and in 1991 it had fallen below 4,000 tons. Japan was originally an exporter of antimony products. In 1987, Japan’s imports of antimony products exceeded exports for the first time, and this trend continued thereafter, from an exporting country to a large importing country. In 2000, the global production of plutonium was 4,500 tons to 5,000 tons. In 2003, the output of plutonium was 8,000 tons to 8,500 tons. In 2004 and 2005, it reached 9,000 tons and 10,000 tons respectively.

China is both the world's largest producer of plutonium and the world's largest exporter of plutonium raw materials. In 2000, the output of sputum was about 3,500 tons. In 2003, it reached 7,000 tons. In 2005, it reached 8,000 to 8,500 tons, accounting for nearly 80% of the world's cockroach production. According to incomplete statistics, in 2003 domestic consumption of about 1,000 tons, in 2005 consumption of 1,500 tons to 1800 tons, the remaining 80% of products exported to the international market. In 2005, the global trading volume of base metal ore was 10,000 tons, and China's exports were 8,000 tons, of which about 6,000 tons were exported.

The price of pure enamel (99.99%) fluctuated greatly, and the highest price of bismuth ingots reached 330,000 tons, and the lowest price was more than 40,000 yuan.

At the beginning of 1991, $6.45∕ kg;

At the end of 1991, $7.01∕ kg;

In 2006, it was 4.6 to 4.8 US dollars; 50,000 tons;

January 2007, 8.083 ~ 8.508 US dollars pounds;

June 2007, 17.389 ~ 18.833 US dollars pounds;

January 2008, 11.489 ~ 12.456 US dollars pounds; 14.8 ~ 150,000 yuan tons;

April 2008, from 15.606 to 16.628 US dollars;

September 9.4 to 10.75 US dollars in September 2008; 140,000 to 145,000 tons;

August 26, 2009, 5.9 to 7.7 US dollars; 85,000 tons;

September 9, 2009, 8 ~ 9.25 US dollars pounds; 120,000 yuan tons.

Third, the prospecting mark

(1) Tungsten deposits. The tungsten ore contains an average of 0.01 to 0.3%. In particular, the quartz vein type and the quartz vein type black tungsten deposit have the highest grade of 0.03 to 0.3%, while the scheelite -containing tungsten deposit and the black and white tungsten mixed tungsten deposit contain bismuth. It is lower, and the average grade is generally 0.01 to 0.07%. The vein tungsten deposit exists as an independent niobium mineral phase, mainly a lead-semuth sulfide series mineral, followed by antimony ore and natural niobium. The content of various strontium minerals varies in different mining areas. Generally, the natural strontium content is <10%, but Jiangxi Dalongshan and Qidou tungsten ore can be as high as 30% to 40%. The secondary bismuth minerals after oxidation include sputum ore and samarium.

(2) Tin deposits. The tin ore contains an average of 0.01 to 0.1%, such as the Yunnan old tin mine and the Guangdong Huangjiashan tin mine.

(3) Molybdenum deposits. The molybdenum ore contains an average of 0.01 to 0.24%, such as the Mengzhangshan Molybdenum Mine in Jiangxi Province and the Qingyang Copper and Molybdenum Mine in Anhui Province.

(4) Copper deposits. Copper ore contains an average of 0.01%, such as Gansu Baiyin Plant, Hunan Baoshan, and Fujian Biancheng Copper Mine.

(5) Lead-zinc ore. Most of the cockroaches are scattered in the galena in the same form, and can only be comprehensively recovered during the smelting of lead concentrate. The exploration and research work of associated plutonium in the lead-zinc deposit exploration stage is less.

(6) Gold deposits. The geochemical properties of Au and Bi have certain similarities and can be mutually prospecting markers. Gold deposits are rich in antimony minerals and are often rich in gold. The appearance of natural plutonium can be used as an important indicator of the potassium-bearing quartz vein rich gold deposit.

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